A root canal is a dental procedure aimed at saving a severely damaged or infected tooth by removing its infected pulp. The pulp is the soft tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue within the tooth. When it becomes infected or inflamed due to deep decay, trauma, or repeated dental procedures, it can cause intense pain and lead to abscess formation if left untreated. A root canal treatment involves the removal of the infected pulp, thorough cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system, and then filling and sealing the space to prevent further infection.

The process of a root canal begins with the dentist administering local anesthesia to numb the tooth and surrounding area, ensuring the patient's comfort throughout the procedure. Next, the dentist creates an access opening in the tooth to reach the infected pulp chamber and canals. Using small instruments, the dentist carefully removes the diseased pulp tissue, cleans the interior of the tooth, and shapes the root canals to prepare them for filling. Once cleaned and shaped, the canals are filled with a biocompatible material, usually gutta-percha, to seal them off and prevent bacteria from re-entering.

After completing the root canal procedure, the dentist may recommend placing a crown or other restoration on the tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance. While root canals have a reputation for being associated with pain, advancements in techniques and anesthesia have made the procedure relatively comfortable for patients. Moreover, undergoing a root canal can often save a tooth that would otherwise require extraction, allowing patients to maintain their natural smile and avoid the potential complications of tooth loss, such as shifting of neighboring teeth and difficulty chewing.